Keeping track of normalized power is therefore a more accurate way of quantifying the actual intensity of training sessions, or even races. In essence, it is an estimate of the power that you could have maintained for the same physiological “cost” if your power output had been perfectly constant (e.g., as on a stationary cycle ergometer), rather than variable. This algorithm is somewhat complicated, but importantly it incorporates two key pieces of information: 1) the physiological responses to rapid changes in exercise intensity are not instantaneous, but follow a predictable time course, and 2) many critical physiological responses (e.g., glycogen utilization, lactate production, stress hormone levels) are curvilinearly, rather than linearly, related to exercise intensity.īy taking these factors into account, normalized power provides a better measure of the true physiological demands of a given training session. To account for this variability, TrainingPeaks uses a special algorithm to calculate an adjusted or normalized power for each ride or segment of a ride (longer than 30 seconds) that you analyze.
This is especially true for races, since power can vary dramatically from one moment to the next as, e.g., a rider first tries to conserve energy and then attacks. Just as importantly, this variability means that the overall average power for a ride or part of a ride is often a poor indicator of the actual intensity of the effort. In particular, it is very difficult (as well as counterproductive) to try to keep power constantly within a certain range, or zone, at all times during a training session. Because of this variability, training with a power meter is not directly comparable to training using a heart rate monitor. This is largely due to the constantly changing resistances (e.g., small changes in elevation, gusts of wind) that must be overcome when cycling outdoors. Here, intensity means frequency of observing the particle in a particular place (probability of finding the particle in a particular place.One of the first things that catches the attention of any beginning power meter user is how variable, or “jumpy”, their power output tends to be. A wave function is a probability distribution. A quantum wave function is NOT the same as a typical wave as we know it in the macroscopic world, though there are similarities mathematically. But in quantum mechanics however, the probability density of a wave function is given by the amplitudes square. The *energy of a typical wave (like a real ocean wave) is given by the square of its amplitude. Like the other answer says, light is a difficult thing to describe, and there are many different properties to measure. Professor was perhaps referring to flux of an EM wave? Its flux can be thought of as the amount of something that passes through or onto something. I feel like when your professor says "number of photons per second", they are referring to the frequency of the light wave.
Intensity here probably is intended to mean energy intensity- as in how luminous/energetic that light is. The term "intensity" has many meanings, and can be misleading depending on who interprets the word. From these, the irradiance is the most natural measure, and (once you put in the suitable constants) all three versions of it are equivalent. by dividing the energy flux by the energy of each photon as given by the Planck relation $E=h\nu$ from the light's frequency $\nu$.Īs the Wikipedia page for irradiance explains in detail, there exists a huge range of radiometric measures of light intensity, depending on whether you care about the angle of emission or the spectral distribution over different frequencies or wavelengths, and so on.
The (average) number of photons that pass through that area per unit time, $R=dN/(dt\:dA)$, is then obtained from the irradiance via power per unit area), and for a plane wave with electric-field amplitude $E_0$, the irradiance is given by how much energy passes through a unit cross-sectional area in unit time (i.e. For a collimated light beam, the most relevant intensity measure is the irradiance, i.e.
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