Population replacement involves releasing both male and female mosquitoes with Wolbachia infection into a population of Wolbachia-free, disease-carrying mosquitoes. In population suppression, male mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are released on a large scale to decrease the population size, thus decreasing the transmission of vector-borne diseases.
When an uninfected female mosquito mates with a male mosquito infected with Wolbachia, embryonic death occurs, and the female’s larvae are inviable. Both methods are based on the mechanism of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Wolbachia has been identified as a resource to address vector-borne diseases in Aedes mosquitoes through two main methods: population suppression and population replacement. All Wolbachia in mosquitoes belong to supergroups A and B. Wolbachia pipientis, more commonly referenced as Wolbachia, is an endosymbiotic bacterium of invertebrates that is classified into different supergroups based on major phylogenetic diversions. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia, requiring alternative methods of vector control such as the use of Wolbachia pipientis. Insecticide resistance has already been identified in An. stephensi in the HOA are being investigated. stephensi can transmit both Plasmodium species in eastern Ethiopia, strategies for the control or elimination of An. falciparum cases by 50% in areas found to be suitable if no additional intervention occurs. vivax in eastern Ethiopia and the establishment of this vector could increase the prevalence of P. stephensi is capable of transmitting both P. stephensi was confirmed to be distributed across eastern Ethiopia. Since then, it has been detected in southeastern Ethiopia in 2016, Sudan in 2016, and Somalia in 2019. Anopheles stephensi, a typical South Asian or Middle Eastern vector, was first detected in Djibouti in the Horn of Africa (HOA) in 2013. Although the prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia is not as high as in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the threat of increased malaria transmission is present as a new malaria vector has invaded eastern Ethiopia. Over 229 million cases of malaria, primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, were reported worldwide in 2019. stephensi and to investigate its utility for malaria control in the HOA. They also identify the need for further research to confirm the endosymbiotic relationship between Wolbachia and An. These findings provide the first evidence of natural Wolbachia populations in wild An. A subclade with a bootstrap value of 89 separates the Ethiopian haplotype 2 from other sequences in that superclade. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed two superclades, representing Wolbachia supergroups A and B (bootstrap values of 81 and 72, respectively) with no significant grouping of geographic location or species. Twenty out of the 184 mosquitoes screened were positive for Wolbachia, with multiple haplotypes detected. Haplotype and phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced 16S amplicons were conducted to compare with Wolbachia from countries across Africa and Asia. stephensi collected from eastern Ethiopia in 2018 and screened for Wolbachia using a 16S targeted PCR assay, as well as multilocus strain typing (MLST) PCR assays.
This study aimed to identify the presence and diversity of Wolbachia in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia is unknown.
However, the presence of Wolbachia in wild An. Wolbachia could be used to control the mosquito population through suppression or potentially decrease malaria transmission through population replacement. Wolbachia, a naturally occurring endosymbiotic bacterium of mosquitoes, has been identified as a potential vector control tool that can be explored for the control of malaria transmission. The detection of this vector in the Horn of Africa (HOA) coupled with widespread insecticide resistance requires that new methods of vector control be investigated in order to control the spread of malaria. Anopheles stephensi, an invasive vector typically found in South Asia and the Middle East, was recently found to be distributed across eastern and central Ethiopia and is capable of transmitting both P. About two out of three Ethiopians are at risk of malaria, a disease caused by the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.
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